PROSE
THIS
PAPER IS PRESENTED IN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH LITERATURE CLASS
By :
GROUP
I
DIVIA
ZULFA (34.13.3.024)
LINA
HARDIANA (34.13.3.029)
NURUL
HIDAYANI LUBIS (34.13.3.004)
Lectures:
DR. HJ. SITI
ZUBAIDAH, M. AG
FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHER’S TRAINING
STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (IAIN)
NORTH SUMATRA
MEDAN
2014
PREFACE
First
of all, the writer would like to express his inner thanks to the Almighty God,
Allah swt., for His blessings in the completion of this paper with the title
“Prose”.
Peace
be upon to our prophet Muhammad, who has
moved our soul from the bad character to the good one. Who had guide us from
the darkness to the lightness in this world as well as in the judgement.
In
this paper, we will explain about prose. As we know that prose is study of
literature. This paper was prepared by
covering some important
parts: Introduction, Discussion, and Conclusion.
The authors also wish to express many thanks to his teammates and
lectures supervisor who have guided
the author in order to make authors of scientific papers in accordance with the provisions in force so that it becomes a scientific
paper is good and right.
The authors are aware that this paper is
still far from perfect. Therefore, the authors expect
criticism and suggestions either
in writing or orally,
in particular to the English Literature
lectures, Mrs. Siti Zubaidah, M. Ag., gave us the
lesson and motivation to advance our knowledge so that we can arrange our
paper.
Medan, September 22nd,
2014
Authors
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Preface................................................................................................................................. i
Table of Contents................................................................................................................ ii
Chapter I INTRODUCTION...................................................................................... 1
1.1
Background.......................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem Formulation........................................................................... 1
1.3 Purpose................................................................................................. 1
Chapter II DISCUSSION............................................................................................. 2
2.1 Definition of Prose............................................................................... 2
2.2 Kinds of Prose...................................................................................... 2
2.3 Elements of Prose................................................................................ 3
2.4 Example of Prose................................................................................. 4
Chapter III CONCLUSSION........................................................................................ 6
3.1 Conclussion.......................................................................................... 6
3.2 Suggestion............................................................................................ 6
References........................................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
Probably
most litrature that is read today is written in prose, that is non-metrical,
‘ordinary language’. This has not always been the case. It’s only with the
growing popularity of the novel and corresponding expansion of the market for
literature throughout the eighteenth and ninetennth centuries that prose gained
this prominent position as a suitable language for literature. In this section
the focus will be on narrative prose, that is prose literature which tells a
story.
As college student, however can
accurately predict the relative rates of learning of individual verbal units
within list. Whether learners can accurately predict the recall of textual
prose is not knowm. As compared with words in lists, the meaning linguistic
segments of prose are more likelt to be determined by the semantic and syntatic
constraints of the surrounding prose.
1.2 Problem Formulation
1.
What
is the definitions of prose?
2.
What
are the kinds of prose?
3.
What
are the elements of prose?
4.
What
is the example of prose?
1.3 Purpose
The
formulation of the problem that can be drawn from this discussion is:
1.
Describe
the definition of prose.
2.
Describe
the kinds of prose.
3.
Describe
the elements of prose.
4.
Describe
the example of prose.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
PROSE
A.
Definition of Prose
Before we discuss about the prose
deeply, we must know what the definition of prose. In this paper we will
classify the definition of prose according to different source.
According to Encyclopedia of
Literature, prose (Latin prosa, short for prosa oratio,
literally, straightforward speech). A literary medium distinguished from poetry
especially by its greater irregularity and variety of rhytm and its closer
correspondence to the patterns of everyday speech. Although prose is readily
distinguishable from poetry in that it does not treat a line as a formal unit,
the significant differences between prose and poetry are of tone, pace, and
object of attention. [1]
Prose is the form of
written language that is not organized according to the formal patterns of verse; although it will have some sort of rhythm and some devices of
repetition and balance, these are not governed by a regularly sustained formal
arrangement, the significant unit being the sentence rather than the line. Some
uses of the term include spoken language as well, but it is usually more
helpful to maintain a distinction at least between written prose and everyday
speech, if not formal oratory.[2]
Prose is a type of epic literature
that is written in lines. Usually sentences in prose continuous in that line,
not in another one. Some authors (writers) say that writing prose is the best
form of writing, because words are in their best order. The word
"prose" comes from another similar Latin word that is PROSA and it is
used to describe facts or anybody's thoughts.[3]
Prosa adalah karya sastra yang tidak
berbait-bait dan tidak bersajak. Novel, cerpen, roman ditulis dengan cara ini.
Persenyawaan yang harmonis antara bentuk dan isi adalah syarat untuk prosa
kesusastraan yang baik.[4]
B.
Kinds of Prose
Based
on the contents, prose divided in two parts: fiction prose and non-fiction
prose.
1.
Fiction Prose
A
literary work that is wholly or partly imagined or theoretical.
Ø
Short
Story
A short
story is a work of fictional prose. Its
characters may be loosely based on real-life people, and its plot may be
inspired by a real life event; but overall more of the story is “made-up” than
real. Sometimes, the story can be completely made-up. Short stories may be
literary, or they may conform to genre standards (i.e., a romance short story,
a science-fiction short story, a horror story, etc.). A short story is a work
that the writer holds to be fiction (i.e. historical fiction based on real
events, or a story that is entirely fiction). The examples of such
stories are ‘To Build A Fire’ written by Jack London
and ‘Well Lighted Place’ written by Ernest Hemingway.
Ø
Novel
Novel is also
a kind of prose, which is narrated on a bigger scale.
Similar to the short story a novel includes a lot
of different kinds and possibilities. Its length is also
longer than the length of short story. More extended narratives forms
have been invented as soon as the same literature was invented.
The examples of novels are books such as ‘Harry Potter
and the Philosopher's Stone’ written by J.K. Rowling or ‘Bridget
Jones's Diary’ written by Helen Fielding.
The novel has several types are as follows:
·
Mystery fiction is a
loosely-defined term that is often used as a synonym for detective fiction or
crime fiction—in other words a Italic text novel or short story in which a
detective (either professional or amateur) investigates and solves a crime.
·
The romance novel is a
literary genre developed in Western culture, mainly in English-speaking
countries. Novels in this genre place their primary focus on the relationship
and romantic love between two people, and must have an emotionally satisfying
and optimistic ending.
·
The detective story is
a genre of fiction in which a detective, either an amateur or a professional,
solves a crime or a series of crimes. Because detective stories rely on logic,
supernatural elements rarely come into play.
Ø
Fairy
Tales
A fairy tale is a story intended for children, often
involving some fanciful creature or extraordinary adventure. Contemporary fairy
tales often have a moral or ethical undercurrent to the story, a
"lesson" to be learned.[5]
Fairy tale is a fictional story. Fairy
tales themselves are manifold,
as follows :
• Fables
is the old story that
players are animals as a symbol
of the moral teaching (commonly referred to as an animal story). Example:
hare with Crocodile
etc.
• Myth is
the stories relating to the trust against some
object or thing that is believed to have magical powers. Example: Nyai Roro Kidul etc.
• Legend is an
old story that tells about
the history of a
place or region.
Example: Legend of Banyuwangi etc.
• Sage
is a long story
related to the history, which tells of courage, heroism, magic and
miracle man. Example:
Calon Arang, Ciung Wanara, Airlangga, Panji, Smaradahana etc.
• Parable
is a fictious story that illustrates a moral attitude or a religious or a
comparison using like. example: Kisah Para Nabi,
Hikayat Bayan Budiman, Bhagawagita, etc.
• Tales
Witty is a
story about people's
behavior stupid, lazy or clever, and each one
is described as humor.
Example: Pak Pandir, Lebai Malang, Pak Belalang,
Abu Nawas, etc.
Ø
Roman
Roman is a new
form of prose that tells the life with all the main actors like grief. In the
novel, the main actors are often told from childhood to adulthood or even to
death. Roman custom or reveal aspects of a society in detail and thoroughly.
2.
Non-Fiction Prose
A literary work
that is mainly based on fact although it may contain fictional elements in
certain cases.
Ø
Article
Articles include news items, feature stories, reports, profiles, instructions, product descriptions, and other informative pieces
of writing.
Ø
Biography
Biography is a prose that contains the experiences of the author's own life (autobiography)
or may also
experience other people's lives from childhood to adulthood or even to death.
Example: Suharto Children's
Villages, Prof. Dr. B.J Habibie, Ki Hajar.
Ø
Authobiography
In a sense, autobiography (from the Greek eauton: self,
bios: life and graphein: write) is a
form of biography, the writing of a life story. The difference, of course, is
point of view: an autobiography is from the viewpoint of its subject.
Biographers generally rely on a wide variety of documents and viewpoints; an
autobiography may be based entirely on the writer's memory. A name for such a
work in Antiquity was an apologia, essentially more self-justification than
introspection.
Ø
Essay
Essay is a collection of ideas, mainly literary ideas, or a single
idea, written and backed up by some supporting facts. Most of essays have
pattern which they are written.
Ø
Editorial
A statement of
opinion in a newspaper or magazine, or on radio or television, as by an editor,
publisher, or owner.
Ø
Journal
Journal is a daily record, as of occurrences, experiences,
or observations.
E.g: education journal, economic journal, accounting journal, etc.
C.
Element of Prose
1.
Theme
A theme is the main or unifying idea
in a work. It’s different from a topic, a work’s general subject matter. Themes
are most powerful when somehow draw on common experinces and knowledge.
2.
Plot
Plot simply means the sequence of
events, which may consist of any kind of event or series of events recounted in
the story. Generally, plot follows a five part pattern: exposition, rising
action, turning point (or climax), falling action, and resolution.
There are parts of plot:
1.
Introduction : the beginning of the
story where the characters and setting is revealed.
2.
Rising
action :
this is where the events in the story become complicated and the
conflict
in the story is revealed.
3.
Climax : this is the
highest point of interest and the turning point of the story.
4.
Falling
Action :
the events and complication begin to resolve themselves.
5.
Resolution : the part of the plot
that concludes the falling action by revealing or
suggesting
the outcome of the conflict. Resolution has three type, they
are: happy ending, tragic (unhappy ending),
and open ended (lack of
resolution).
The kinds of plot:
a)
Chronological Order
This plot telling story
from beginning until end.
b)
Flashback
As the opposite of
chronological order, it telling story from end until beginning.
c)
Episodic Plot
Plot exists on each
episode, but doesn’t out of the main plot.
d)
Mixing Plot
This is the combination
of chronological and flashback plot.
3.
Point of View
The way a story is mediated is key element of fictional structure. This
mediation involves both the angle of vision the point from which the story is
embodied. The viewing aspects is called the focus, and the verbal aspects the
voice. Both are generally considered together in the term point of view.
There are many types of point of view:[6]
·
Objective
point of view, the writer tell what happens without stating more than can be
inferred from the story’s action and dialogue.
·
Third
person point of view, authors of novelsa and composers of papers use “he, she,
it”. When referring to a person, place, thing, or idea.
·
First
person point of view, in the subjective case, the singular form of yhe first
person is “I”, and the plural form is “ we”.
·
Omniscient
and Limited Omniscient point of view, a
narrator who knows everything about all the characters is all knowing or
omniscient. A narrator whose knowledge is limited to one character, either
major or minor, has a limited omniscient point of view.
4.
Character
A character is someone who acts, appears, or is referred to as
playing a part in a literary works. Characterization is the art and technique
of representing fictional personages depends upon action or plot as well as
naration and point of view. Character is that which reveal moral purpose,
exposing the class of things a man chooses or avoids (Aristotle).
5.
Setting
All stories that individuals, are embedded in a context or setting
is a time and place. Often the settings is a key to discovering interpretations
of the story beyond the experience of individual characters and connecting it
to traditions, phases of history, and social issues.[7]
6.
Symbol
Symbols
is the language style used by the author.
7.
Atmosphere
Atmosphere is condition and emotion in a story.
D.
Example of Prose
A Rose for Emily
By: William Faulkner
(1903)
The funeral of Miss Emily Grierson is attended by the whole town. The
women, mostly due to curiosity, want to see the interiors of her house wherein
nobody else except for an old Negro servant has seen in ten years, at the
minimum.
When she was still
alive, Miss Grierson was a noble and respectable single woman. When her father
died, she became alone, and a pauper. The people pitied her.
One day, there was a
very bad and unbearable smell coming from her yard. Some neighbors complained
to the mayor, and he simply advised them to tell her to clean up her
place.
Miss Emily was sick for
long. Her neighbors would rarely see her. But, when she had a love interest, a
gay construction worker named Homer Barron, the two of them would be spotted
together on Sunday afternoons. The townspeople were happy for her and thought
she would get married to Homer, especially when they found out she bought some
men’s things. However, after sometime, when they did not see Homer anymore,
they pitied Miss Emily again because her lover left her.
She was rumored to kill
herself when she bought rat poison. But she did not. She would still be
occasionally seen outside of her house up to the time its front door started to
remain closed. The years passed, and her hair was turning gray until it became
pepper-and-salt-iron-gray.
Now she is dead. The
people can now enter her house that has always been off-limits to them prior to
this time. They go to the room upstairs which nobody has seen for forty years.
After forcing the door open, they see that the room looks like a married couple’s.
Then, they are shocked to see the skeletal remains of a man on the bed. They
notice that the second pillow has a long strand of iron-gray hair.
Short Story Elements:
1.
Major Caharacter
a.
Miss Emily Grierson –
protagonist, developing
b. Her negro servant – flat, static
c.
Homer Barron – flat,
static
d. The neighbors and towns peolpe – flat, static
2.
Plot
This
short story uses flashback plot, it tells story from end until
beginning.
a. Introduction
This short story begins with Miss Emily’s funeral. Then the “personas” use
flashback, from one highlight to another, that tell us about Miss Emily’s life.
b. Rising Action
When Miss Emily bought rat poison, the people though she would kill
herself.
c. Climax
Those who forced open the closed room had a big surprise when they saw the
skeleton that they suspected was Homer Barron’s.
d. Falling Action
After their initial
shock was gone, the townspeople who opened the locked room saw a pillow that
had a long strand of iron-gray hair.
e. Resolution
Speculations arose, but nobody knew for sure what exactly happened, since
Miss Emily had died.
3.
Setting
a)
Place:
a small town in the deep south of the United States.
c)
Social
condition: civil war Jefferson.
4.
Point of View
The Point of View used in this short story is the Omniscient
Objective – the author who knows everything about all the characters is all
knowing or omniscient. A narrator whose knowledge is limited to one character,
either major or minor, has a limited omniscient point of view.position of
spectator without the author there to explain. The reader has to
interpret events on his own.
5.
Theme
The
themes “Things are not always as they appear to be” and also “Love is
blind” are applicable to this story.
6.
Symbol
·
The
Rose
The rose is a symbol of love and beauty and is timeless.
Miss Emily always wanted to experience real, lasting love; she was once a
beautiful woman; and she was timeless in that she refused to change. She wanted
time to stand still, honestly, and she simply did not want to change.
·
Single
grey hair
The old hair on the pillow signifies that Emily is an anachronism
in the town now, lying with corpses as all that she has had to be proud of is
also dead.
·
Fallen
monument
Faulkner calls Emily a “fallen monument” and an “idol in a niche”
to suggest how the town views her and to connect her to the idea of the old,
genteel Southern ways.
7.
Atmosphere
The
atmosphere in “A Rose for Emily” is one of nonchalance. Emily is isolated, and
yet no one cares about the fact that she's isolated. They only want their own
issues addressed. And those isues are related in a general way; everything is
cited as “we”, the town is its own entity.
E.
Author’s Biography
William Faulkner (1897-1962),
who came from an old southern family, grew up in Oxford, Mississippi. He joined
the Canadian, and later the British, Royal Air Force during the First World
War, studied for a while at the University of Mississippi, and temporarily
worked for a New York bookstore and a New Orleans newspaper. Except for some
trips to Europe and Asia, and a few brief stays in Hollywood as a scriptwriter,
he worked on his novels and short stories on a farm in Oxford.
In an attempt to create a saga of his own,
Faulkner has invented a host of characters typical of the historical growth and
subsequent decadence of the South. The human drama in Faulkner's novels is then
built on the model of the actual, historical drama extending over almost a
century and a half Each story and each novel contributes to the construction of
a whole, which is the imaginary Yoknapatawpha County and its inhabitants. Their
theme is the decay of the old South, as represented by the Sartoris and Compson
families, and the emergence of ruthless and brash newcomers, the Snopeses.
Theme and technique - the distortion of time through the use of the inner
monologue are fused particularly successfully in The Sound and the Fury
(1929), the downfall of the Compson family seen through the minds of several characters.
The novel Sanctuary (1931) is about the degeneration of Temple Drake, a
young girl from a distinguished southern family. Its sequel, Requiem For A
Nun (1951), written partly as a drama, centered on the courtroom trial of a
Negro woman who had once been a party to Temple Drake's debauchery. In Light
in August (1932), prejudice is shown to be most destructive when it is
internalized, as in Joe Christmas, who believes, though there is no proof of
it, that one of his parents was a Negro. The theme of racial prejudice is
brought up again in Absalom, Absalom! (1936), in which a young man is
rejected by his father and brother because of his mixed blood. Faulkner's most
outspoken moral evaluation of the relationship and the problems between Negroes
and whites is to be found in Intruder In the Dust (1948).
In 1940, Faulkner published the first volume of
the Snopes trilogy, The Hamlet, to be followed by two volumes, The
Town (1957) and The Mansion (1959), all of them tracing the rise of
the insidious Snopes family to positions of power and wealth in the community. The
reivers, his last - and most humorous - work, with great many similarities
to Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn, appeared in 1962, the year of
Faulkner's death.[8]
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
3.1 Conclusion
The
conclusions that can be drawn from this story “A Rose for Emily” is:
·
The
Message of Story
1.
In
essence, the moral of this story is that repression, which can come in many
forms, can have unintended (horrific) consequences. In other words, if
someone’s normal aspirations are crushed, those aspirations may be realized
later in a terrible and destructive way.
2.
The
moral of the story is a warning against pride: “heroic isolation pushed too far
ends in homicidal madness”
3.
Time
has brought your heart to me, and I’ve love you for a thousand years.
·
Ending
of Story
“A Rose for Emily” is a sad ending story written by William
Faulkner. The story tells about a lonely lady called Emily Grierson, who, with
her father’s death, stays stuck in time. Emily had spent nearly all her life
with her dad. Emily is left alone to deal with all of her problems. The town
people think they are being respectful, but they are actually contributing to
Emily's feelings of abandonment and isolation. So she loses touch with reality
and the results are tragic.
3.2 Suggestion
Suggest
from Mam Zubaidah: In life, you have to be able to do a
priority in your life. Do not over think a small things
that can spend
your time. Earn
and think to get the big things that will be useful for
yourself, family, and society.
REFERENCES
Both, Alison et. al. 2006 The Norton Introduction to Literature.
(London: W.W. Norton and Company)
Culler, J. 1997. Literary Theory. A Very Short Introduction.
(New York Oxford: University Press Inc)
Hasan, Hamid. 1994. Glosarium Bahasa dan Sastra. (Bandung:
Angkasa)
Nobel Lectures. 1969.
Literature 1901-1967. Ed: Horst Frenz. (Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing
Company)
Websters, Merriam. 1995. Merriam Websters’ Encyclopedia of
Literature. United States of America
http://gorontalo-education.blogspot.com/2012/10/kind-of-prose-fiction-and-non-fiction.html
http://learner.org/interactives/literature/,html
[1] Merriam Websters, Merriam
Websters’ Encyclopedia of Literature, United States of America, 1995, pp.
910.
[2] Oxford Dictionary of
Literary Forms
[3] J. Culler, Literary
Theory. A Very Short Introduction, (New York Oxford: University Press Inc),
1997, pp. 97-100
[4] Hamid Hasan, Glosarium
Bahasa dan Sastra, (Bandung: Angkasa), 1994, pp. 165
[5] http://gorontalo-education.blogspot.com/2012/10/kind-of-prose-fiction-and-non-fiction.html
[6] http://learner.org/interactives/literature/,html
[7] Alison
Both, et. al, The Norton Introduction to Literature, (London: W.W.
Norton and Company), 2006, pp. 57-215
[8] Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901-1967, Ed: Horst Frenz, (Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company),
1969.
